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Variability in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Isomer Pair Ratio: Source Identification Concern
Emoyan Onoriode Onos,
Agbaire Patience Odafe,
Akporido Samuel Omorovie
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
111-117
Received:
24 March 2015
Accepted:
6 April 2015
Published:
18 April 2015
Abstract: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) toxicity and contamination of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem have been established PAHs are formed mainly as a result of incomplete combustion of organic materials during industrial and anthropogenic activities. Previous research has focused on various and many PAHs isomer pair ratio of variable physicochemical properties in source identification. The objective of this investigation was to determine the empirical validity of these isomer pairs (Ant/178, Flt/Flt+Pyr, B[a]a/228, I[123-cd]p/I[123-cd]p + B[ghi]p, Flu/Pyr, Phe/Ant, Chr/B([a]a and LPAHs/HPAHs) in source identification along sample station. In this way, 16 priority PAHs were determined in 10 sample stations in top and sub soil seasonally. After extraction, purification and quantification of PAHs was done using GC-FID. Reagents used are of chromatographic grade. Results showed that ratios are skewed either towards pyrolitic and/or petrogenic, and evaluation for petrogenic and pyrolitic source is different with isomer pair in each sample station even in areas were anthropogenic or industrial activity suggest otherwise. A suitable model/mechanism that shall take account of transformation products, type and extent of bacterial metabolism and environmental factors such as: pH, temperature, salinity, oxygen concentration, nutrients, light intensity, soil type as well as the presence of co-substrates and environmental matrix.
Abstract: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) toxicity and contamination of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem have been established PAHs are formed mainly as a result of incomplete combustion of organic materials during industrial and anthropogenic activities. Previous research has focused on various and many PAHs isomer pair ratio of variable physi...
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A Study on the Effects of Global Warming in Bangladesh
Fahim Elahi,
Niazul Islam Khan
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
118-121
Received:
27 March 2015
Accepted:
11 April 2015
Published:
21 April 2015
Abstract: Global warming turns out to be the biggest challenge to the mankind in the near future. It is not a problem to write only theories and do research on; it is a problem which humankind must face unless proactive measures are taken immediately. Global warming causes the climate to change including the rise of sea-level. Recently, the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), in its Fifth Assessment Report, has suggested a 1.5 mm sea-level rise per year for Bangladesh. As a developing country, where around half of the total population is below the poverty line, Bangladesh is going to be one of the worst sufferers of this due to its disaster prone and low elevation geography. This paper will explore the impacts of global warming on Bangladesh. Preparation of Bangladesh to face the adverse effects of global warming will also be presented. At the end of the paper, few recommendations for reducing the carbon emission have been suggested.
Abstract: Global warming turns out to be the biggest challenge to the mankind in the near future. It is not a problem to write only theories and do research on; it is a problem which humankind must face unless proactive measures are taken immediately. Global warming causes the climate to change including the rise of sea-level. Recently, the IPCC (Intergovern...
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Heavy Metal Pollution Investigation of Left Bank Outfall Drain of Coastal District Badin, Sindh, Pakistan by Using Arc GIS
Mohammad Amin Qureshi,
Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi,
Zulfiqar Ali Laghari,
Khalid Hussain Lashari,
Fouzia Panhwar,
Zameer Ali Palh
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
122-132
Received:
2 April 2015
Accepted:
11 April 2015
Published:
21 April 2015
Abstract: Coastal district Badin of Sindh Pakistan is known as hub of pollution because of surface drain canal network, which continuously carries industrial effluents, municipal wastes, pumped saline water and excess agriculture water of three districts. Agriculture lands, ground water, lakes and Lagoons of the district have been contaminated with toxic heavy metals due to improper infrastructure of Left Bank Outfall Drain. The object of this study was to study the pollution contributed by drains of coastal areas of Badin. Nineteen samples of water were collected from different locations of drains on quarterly basis. Arc GIS was applied for vector mapping. Average results of parameters were EC 5.975 ± 4.956 mS/cm , TDS 3254.17 ± 2810.342 mg/L, Hg 0.0234 ±0.0118 µg/L , Ni 0.0076 ±0.0106mg/L, Cd 0.0245±0.0179mg/L , Zn 0.0393±0.0254mg/L , Cu 0.0890 ± 0.0911 mg/L, Fe 0.0546 ±0.0883mg/L. The results indicated that all parameters were within National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) limits of Pakistan for Industrial effluents. High concentration of TDS, and E.C, near the coastal sampling areas, confirmed that, sea water has been facilitated, with backward flow by same drains due to sea tides. Heavy metal results were also within permissible limits of Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) for agriculture use. Drain water may be used for saline agriculture purpose, if properly checked under Environmental Protection Act of Pakistan 1997.
Abstract: Coastal district Badin of Sindh Pakistan is known as hub of pollution because of surface drain canal network, which continuously carries industrial effluents, municipal wastes, pumped saline water and excess agriculture water of three districts. Agriculture lands, ground water, lakes and Lagoons of the district have been contaminated with toxic hea...
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Impacts of Untreated Sewage Discharge on Water Quality of Middle Manyame River: A Case of Chinhoyi Town, Zimbabwe
Muisa Norah,
Zingundu Shumirai,
Mangori Lynda Zelma,
Mupfiga Upenyu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
133-138
Received:
27 March 2015
Accepted:
15 April 2015
Published:
27 April 2015
Abstract: Disposal of untreated sewage into surface waters is common in most developing countries. Any physico-chemical, or biological condition that prevents the designated uses of a water body represents poor water quality. This study was carried out on Middle Manyame River, a major source of potable water in Chinhoyi town. The study sought to ascertain the impacts of discharging untreated sewage on the water quality of Middle Manyame River. The following parameters were determined using APHA standard methods; nitrates, phosphates, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), and biological oxygen demand (BOD). Sampling was done in November 2013, March 2014, and May 2014. All the parameters, except for pH and temperature, exceeded acceptable water quality standards for the sites downstream of the sewage discharge points. This indicated that the improper sewage discharge was the major contributor to poor water quality, among other activities such as agricultural runoff. It was concluded from the study that sewage effluent from the Municipality of Chinhoyi sewage works was mainly responsible for pollution along Middle Manyame River. This pollution has also put the river at risk of eutrophication. It was recommended that there should be rehabilitation and upgrading of sewage systems in Chinhoyi.
Abstract: Disposal of untreated sewage into surface waters is common in most developing countries. Any physico-chemical, or biological condition that prevents the designated uses of a water body represents poor water quality. This study was carried out on Middle Manyame River, a major source of potable water in Chinhoyi town. The study sought to ascertain th...
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Ecological Risk Assessment of Construct Artificial Islands by Fault Tree Analysis Method in the Persian Gulf
Amin Ahmadi Givi,
Sepideh Karimi,
Mahdis Sadat,
Mahmood Zoghi,
Saeed Karimi,
Negar foroughi,
Bahram malekmohamadi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
139-146
Received:
7 March 2015
Accepted:
17 April 2015
Published:
30 April 2015
Abstract: Development is inevitable in various sectors.One example of these developments is the construction of artificial islands which is man-made and is made for variety of purposes including tourism, economy, and airports, industrial, political and military establishment. Construction of artificial islands is a serious treatment for marine ecosystems. In this way according to the geopolitical situation and the crucial role of Persian Gulf in the region, this golf is not safe against the effects of artificial islands construction and as a valuable ecosystem with high biodiversity has been threatened. Due to the growing trend of construction artificial islands in the Persian Gulf and importance of environmental risk assessment of these structures to analyze the relationships between the various stages of construction and environmental Persian Gulf, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) was used in order to risk assessment of these structures. As a result it will follow path errors from an event or adverse condition (Top event) to achieving error or causal factors or initiator. The most important risks in Construction artificial island projects include: disorder in food chains, water pollution, hydrodynamic regime changing and damage to plant and animal species. Therefore for achieving sustainable development in the Persian Gulf, deciding about the construction of artificial islands must be more carefully and should be tried to reduce occurrence probability and severity of impacts.
Abstract: Development is inevitable in various sectors.One example of these developments is the construction of artificial islands which is man-made and is made for variety of purposes including tourism, economy, and airports, industrial, political and military establishment. Construction of artificial islands is a serious treatment for marine ecosystems. In...
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Quantitative Risk Assessment for Crude Oil Pipelines
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
147-153
Received:
11 April 2015
Accepted:
22 April 2015
Published:
6 May 2015
Abstract: Risk Assessment is an extremely useful tool in providing a framework in which to identify the possible hazards and evaluate the risks associated with all crude oil pipelines. By using index method and multivariable analysis, a methodology of the threat and risk of crude oil pipelines to environment are presented. General concepts are introduced and explained in detail. Principles of the methodology, the specific equations, and data required to prepare a risk analysis for environmental risk and failure analysis are discussed and explained, and an example is presented to illustrate the method.
Abstract: Risk Assessment is an extremely useful tool in providing a framework in which to identify the possible hazards and evaluate the risks associated with all crude oil pipelines. By using index method and multivariable analysis, a methodology of the threat and risk of crude oil pipelines to environment are presented. General concepts are introduced and...
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A Method for Preparing Environmental Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of Crude Oil and Gas Pipelines
Huseyin Murat Cekirge,
Omar K. M. Ouda,
Ammar Elhassan
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
154-161
Received:
15 April 2015
Accepted:
24 April 2015
Published:
6 May 2015
Abstract: The principles of preparing ESIA for crude oil and gas pipelines are introduced and various stages of the report development are presented. The paper is a guideline for preparing an ESIA without any omitted measures of an oil or gas pipeline. These guidelines are presented in detail and will be handbook of presenting and introducing mitigation measures. It is aimed at presenting non quantitative ESIA and however at detailed flow of ESIA preparation.
Abstract: The principles of preparing ESIA for crude oil and gas pipelines are introduced and various stages of the report development are presented. The paper is a guideline for preparing an ESIA without any omitted measures of an oil or gas pipeline. These guidelines are presented in detail and will be handbook of presenting and introducing mitigation meas...
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Metal Pollution Assessment of Sediment and Water in Al-Ghadir River: Role of Continuously Released Organic Matter and Carbonate and Their Purification Capacity
Amale Mcheik,
Mohamad Fakih,
Hussein Trabulsi,
Joumana Toufaily,
Taysir Hamieh,
Evelyne Garnier-Zarli,
Noureddine Bousserrhine
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
162-172
Received:
18 April 2015
Accepted:
29 April 2015
Published:
12 May 2015
Abstract: During the discharge of metals in the aquatic environment, metals are partitioned between the sediment and the water column phases. Further partitioning of metals occurs within the sediment chemical fractions. The present study focuses on one of the middle eat rivers, Al-Ghadir which is the smallest and the most polluted and found in the most populated region in Lebanon. The aim of this study was to integrate hydrochemical and sediment data- in order to evaluate the distribution pattern of the pollution of Al-Ghadir River. Bed sediments and water were collected from five locations in one dry season (Octobre 2010) and analyzed for more than 40 parameters, including (i) those of the chemical and the physico-chemical nature and (ii) those reporting the pollution caused by the heavy metals partitioned between the sediment and the water column phases by applying a sequential chemical fractionation scheme to the <75 μm sieved sediment fraction. The quality of waters for different uses has been tested and the state of sediments pollution was evaluated by comparison with general quality standards. Data showed that the highest percentages of total metal content in sediment are for: Fe and Mn in the residual and in the Fe/Mn oxides fractions, Cu in the oxidizable fraction, Cd and Zn in the carbonate and in the Fe/Mn oxides fractions, Pb and Cr in the Fe/Mn oxides fraction. Based on the geoaccumulation indices (I geo), the river sediments are considered to be moderately polluted with the measured metals.
Abstract: During the discharge of metals in the aquatic environment, metals are partitioned between the sediment and the water column phases. Further partitioning of metals occurs within the sediment chemical fractions. The present study focuses on one of the middle eat rivers, Al-Ghadir which is the smallest and the most polluted and found in the most popul...
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Assessment of Daylight Intensity as a Function of the Ratio of the Window Area and Total Room Volume for Office Buildings in Jos, Nigeria
Ademola Olatunji Jimoh,
Olabode Michael Ogunrayewa
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
173-179
Received:
6 April 2015
Accepted:
16 April 2015
Published:
13 May 2015
Abstract: The subjective data for this study was obtained from questionnaires while the objective data was obtained from measurement instruments. An 80% combined votes of respondents found the level of lighting inadequate. This is in consonance with objective measurements, which show interior light level way below recommended standards for the building under research. This has led to the wasteful use of energy for lighting purposes in the day time. However, day light intensity increases as the day proceeds. Also, a linear relationship between the ratio of Operable Window Area to Total Office Volume and day light intensity was established. The lower the Operable Window Area to total Office Volume Ratio, the lower the day light intensity. Hence, by simple linear regression analysis, it concluded that the ratio of operable window area to total room volume of 0.0273 would be required for an acceptable indoor day light intensity of 400 lux in East-Facing Office Buildings with 5mm clear glass windows in Jos, Nigeria. However, all the offices studied showed an insufficient average ratio of 0.0023.
Abstract: The subjective data for this study was obtained from questionnaires while the objective data was obtained from measurement instruments. An 80% combined votes of respondents found the level of lighting inadequate. This is in consonance with objective measurements, which show interior light level way below recommended standards for the building under...
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Anaerobic Sediments Decrease the Leaching of Trace Metals to Groundwater
Amale Mcheik,
Mohamad Fakih,
Hiba Noureddine,
Hussein Trabulsi,
Joumana Toufaily,
Taysir Hamieh,
Evelyne Garnier-Zarli,
Noureddine Bousserrhine
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
180-190
Received:
23 April 2015
Accepted:
1 May 2015
Published:
13 May 2015
Abstract: The increased deterioration of water resources in Lebanon from progressive urbanization, agricultural activities and development of industries is, according to the natural authorities, a major critical problem by the year 2010. At our study site, at Al-Ghadir River, aqueous solutions containing heavy metals are extensively released from many industries directly to the river. Sediments and soil, at these sites became contaminated with these elements and their potential mobility is of particular concern since downward leaching of the heavy metals may result in the contamination of the groundwater. The objective of the present work was to investigate the bioleaching of heavy metals from the sediments of Al-Ghadir River to underground water using ex-situ column experiments. In order to conciliate the field conditions and the laboratory constraints, we have chosen to experiment the heavy metal leaching from long-term contaminated and non-destructured sediments. Sediments were incubated under anaerobic conditions and enriched with nutrients to stimulate microbial metabolism. The evolution of carbon metabolism and metals leached from the incubated sediment columns were followed over time and the effect of leaching on the distribution of metals as a function of depth was also studied. Results obtained showed that after a phase of mobilization of the heavy metals and which was enhanced by the bacterial activity, the study of the distribution profile of the heavy metals showed that they were highly readsorbed at the surface of the sediment column and their readsorption was found to decrease with depth.
Abstract: The increased deterioration of water resources in Lebanon from progressive urbanization, agricultural activities and development of industries is, according to the natural authorities, a major critical problem by the year 2010. At our study site, at Al-Ghadir River, aqueous solutions containing heavy metals are extensively released from many indust...
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Outlines of an Oil Spill Response Plan (OSRP) for Crude Oil Pipelines
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
191-197
Received:
26 April 2015
Accepted:
8 May 2015
Published:
1 June 2015
Abstract: The paper is presenting outlines of an Oil Spill Response Plan (OSRP) for a crude oil pipeline with onshore and offshore facilities. The methodology of preparing an OSRP plan is introduced in detail; however a case or numerical example is not presented. The methodology is not aimed at a specific crude oil pipeline, and the directions in the paper can be applied any pipeline. A structured tool for designing OSRP is introduced in detail.
Abstract: The paper is presenting outlines of an Oil Spill Response Plan (OSRP) for a crude oil pipeline with onshore and offshore facilities. The methodology of preparing an OSRP plan is introduced in detail; however a case or numerical example is not presented. The methodology is not aimed at a specific crude oil pipeline, and the directions in the paper c...
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Carbon Capture and Storage in Geological Formation; Its Legal, Regulatory Imperatives and Opportunities in India
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2015
Pages:
198-204
Received:
21 May 2015
Accepted:
28 May 2015
Published:
9 June 2015
Abstract: The Carbon Capture and Storage Technology (CCS) provides a veritable platform to bridge the gap between the seemingly irreconcilable twin global challenges of ensuring a secure, reliable and diversified energy supply and mitigating climate change by reducing atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide. Making its proper regulatory policy and making it flexible for the government and private company by law to regulate, also exploring the opportunity in this sector is the main aim of this paper. India's total annual emissions were 1725 Mt CO2 in 2011, which comprises of 6% of total global emission [1]. It is very important to control the greenhouse gas emission for the environment protection. This paper discusses the various regulatory policy and technology adopted by some of the countries for successful using CCS technology. The brief geology of sedimentary basins in India is studied, ranging from the category I to category IV and deep-water and potential for mature technology in CCS is reviewed. Areas not suitable for CO2 storage using presently mature technologies were overviewed. CCS and Clean development mechanism was advised for India, considering the various aspects from research and development, project appraisal, approval and validation, implementation, monitoring and verification, carbon credit issued, cap and trade system and its storage potential. The opportunities in oil and gas operations, power sector, and transport sector were discussed briefly.
Abstract: The Carbon Capture and Storage Technology (CCS) provides a veritable platform to bridge the gap between the seemingly irreconcilable twin global challenges of ensuring a secure, reliable and diversified energy supply and mitigating climate change by reducing atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide. Making its proper regulatory policy and making it ...
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