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Efficiency of Fe-zeolite and Fe-bentonite on co-stabilization of As, Cd and Pb in Contaminated Soil
Sajad Shahmoradi,
Majid Afyuni Mohmmad,
A. Hajabbasi
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2020
Pages:
45-49
Received:
13 September 2018
Accepted:
15 January 2019
Published:
28 May 2020
Abstract: Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Arsenic (As) have been known as a malicious environment and their toxic effects for plants, animals and humans has been demonstrated. This metals in soil have a different behaviours. The normal concentrations of Cd, As and Pb in agricultural soil were 1.1, 20 and 67 mg.kg-1 respectively. In situ immobilization of Lead and Cadmium (by zeolite and bentonite) and Arsenic (by iron) in soil is well recognized. However, studies on soils that are simultaneously contaminated with lead, cadmium and arsenic are fewer, and assessment of the sorbents effectiveness on co-stabilization of As, Cd and Pb is also necessary. In this study, local bentonite and zeolite were converted to Fe-zeolite and Fe-bentonite. A Pb-, Cd- and As-contaminated soil has been treated with modified bentonite and zeolite separately in 1 and 6 wt% rate. After one month of incubation in at 80% of field capacity moisture, Sunflower (Helianthus annuus. L) plant was transplanted into each pot. The result showed that Fe-zeolite and Fe-bentonite decreased concentration of Pb and Cd extractable with DTPA-TEA; however, Fe-bentonite in the soil reduced water-soluble arsenate, but Fe-zeolite increased it. Finally application of Fe-bentonite can be an effective approach to co-stabilize Pb, Cd and As, in contaminated soils.
Abstract: Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Arsenic (As) have been known as a malicious environment and their toxic effects for plants, animals and humans has been demonstrated. This metals in soil have a different behaviours. The normal concentrations of Cd, As and Pb in agricultural soil were 1.1, 20 and 67 mg.kg-1 respectively. In situ immobilization of Lead an...
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Local PM2.5 and O3 Ambient Air Quality Targets Setting Study in Lishui, China
Shuping Pan,
Shengjun Zhang
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2020
Pages:
50-58
Received:
2 April 2020
Accepted:
Published:
22 July 2020
Abstract: 2021 will be the first year of China’s 14th Five-year period, and all cities have been working on making new local environmental protection plans. To further improve air quality, reduce smog, and control ozone pollution, many cities intend to set more stringent local air quality targets than the national requirements. However, how to set a reasonable and attainable air quality targets is very important because the targets have impacts not only on the welfare of local residents, but also on the local economy. This work presents a comprehensive approach to set reasonable local air quality targets. This approach has been applied to determine PM2.5 and O3 ambient concentration targets for Lishui city in its 14th Five-year Environmental Protection Plan. In this study, five years monitoring data of PM2.5 and O3 from year 2014 to 2018 in Lishui was collected and analyzed to assess the status quo and trends of its air quality. Then the concentration distribution of PM2.5 and O3 in Lishui surrounding cities and counties in Zhejiang Province were also analyzed and the possible impacts on Lishui city were evaluated. Moreover, PM2.5 and O3 air quality standards in other developed countries were reviewed and compared with Chinese current standards to assist the setting of appropriate ambient air quality targets. Based on the analysis, three-year sliding average concentration of PM2.5 and O3 are included in Lishui’s annual air quality targets for the first time, and different air quality targets are set for both the whole city and each specific area of Lishui city.
Abstract: 2021 will be the first year of China’s 14th Five-year period, and all cities have been working on making new local environmental protection plans. To further improve air quality, reduce smog, and control ozone pollution, many cities intend to set more stringent local air quality targets than the national requirements. However, how to set a reasonab...
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Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature from Earth Observation Satellites for Gas Flaring Sites in the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Barnabas Morakinyo,
Samantha Lavender,
Victor Abbott
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2020
Pages:
59-74
Received:
31 January 2020
Accepted:
3 March 2020
Published:
27 August 2020
Abstract: This research investigates the recording of Land Surface Temperature (LST) by Earth Observation (EO) Satellites for four gas flaring sites in Rivers State, Nigeria. Six Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Eleven Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) from 17 January 1986 to 08 March 2013 with < 5% cloud contamination were considered. All the sites are located within a single Landsat scene (Path 188, Row 057). Dark Object Subtraction (DOS) method and Atmospheric Correction Parameter (ATMCORR) Calculator were used to obtain atmospheric correction effects parameters for multispectral and thermal bands [Upwelling radiance (Lu), downwelling radiance (Ld) and transmittance (τ)] of Landsat data respectively. The emissivity (ε) for each site is estimated by using standard values for determined land surface cover from Look Up Table (LUT). The correction obtained from DOS method was applied to the computed reflectance to get the atmospherically corrected reflectance that was used for the classification of land cover. The Lu, Ld and τ obtained were applied to the calibrated at-sensor radiance band 6 (high gain) data to compute the surface-leaving radiance (Lλ) with the εvalues obtained for each site. The Planck equation was inverted using the calibration constants to derive LST. Six range of LST values were retrieved for each flaring site, with Bonny Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Plant recorded the highest LST (345.0 K) and Umudioga Flow Station with the lowest (293.0 K). LST retrieved from both sensors for the flare hotspots are the highest values compared to other locations within the processing sites, which was clearly shown through Geospatial Information System (GIS) spatial analysis and the transects plots. Furthermore, the closer is the distance to the flare, the higher is the temperature and vice versa. Based on these results, it can be concluded that satellite based sensors, such as Landsat TM and ETM+, have the ability to record LST at gas flaring sites in the Niger Delta.
Abstract: This research investigates the recording of Land Surface Temperature (LST) by Earth Observation (EO) Satellites for four gas flaring sites in Rivers State, Nigeria. Six Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Eleven Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) from 17 January 1986 to 08 March 2013 with < 5% cloud contamination were considered. All the sites are located within a single Landsat scene (Path 188, Row 057). Dark Object Subtraction (DOS) method and Atmospheric Correction Parameter (ATMCORR) Calculator were used to obtain atmospheric correction effects parameters for multispectral and thermal bands [Upwelling radiance (Lu), downwelling radiance (Ld) and transmittance (...
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